![]() Muslim-Western European contact was only more than minimal in the conflict in the Iberian peninsula. The Holy Land's remoteness from focus of Islamic power struggles enabled relative peace and prosperity in Syria and Palestine. Backgroundīy the end of the 11th century the period of Islamic Arab territorial expansion had been over for centuries. In 1071, Jerusalem was conquered by the Seljuk Turks. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. ![]() The Crusader states of Syria and Palestine were known as the " Outremer" from the French outre-mer, or "the land beyond the sea". 1300, but the modern English "crusade" dates to the early 1700s. The use of croiserie, "crusade" in Middle English can be dated to c. By the mid 13th century the cross became the major descriptor of the crusades with crux transmarina-"the cross overseas"-used for crusades in the eastern Mediterranean, and crux cismarina-"the cross this side of the sea"-for those in Europe. This led to the French term croisade-the way of the cross. A specific term for a crusader in the form of crucesignatus-"one signed by the cross"-emerged in the early 12th century. Crusader terminology remained largely indistinguishable from that of Christian pilgrimage during the 12th century. Īt the time of the First Crusade, iter, "journey", and peregrinatio, "pilgrimage" were used for the campaign. What constituted a crusade has been understood in diverse ways, particularly regarding the early Crusades, and the precise definition remains a matter of debate among contemporary historians. These differed from previous Christian religious wars in that they were considered a penitential exercise, and so earned participants remittance from penalties for all confessed sins. The conflicts to which the term is applied has been extended to include other campaigns initiated, supported and sometimes directed by the Latin Church with varying objectives, mostly religious, sometimes political. The term "crusade" first referred to military expeditions undertaken by European Christians in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries to the Holy Land. Terminology The Siege of Damascus (1148) as depicted in the Passages d'outremer, c. Popular crusades, including the Children's Crusade of 1212 were generated by the masses and were unsanctioned by the Church. Crusades against the Ottomans began in the late 14th century and include the Crusade of Varna. Crusades against Christians began with the Albigensian Crusade in the 13th century and continued through the Hussite Wars in the early 15th century. ![]() From 1147, the Northern Crusades were fought against pagan tribes in Northern Europe. The struggle against the Moors in the Iberian Peninsula–the Reconquista–ended in 1492 with the Fall of Granada. Other church-sanctioned campaigns include crusades against Christians not obeying papal rulings and heretics, those against the Ottoman Empire, and ones for political reasons. After this, no further large military campaigns were organised. A European presence remained in the region in some form until the fall of Acre in 1291. Initial successes established four Crusader states: the County of Edessa the Principality of Antioch the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the County of Tripoli. Later expeditions were conducted by generally more organized armies, sometimes led by a king. Participants came from all over Europe and had a variety of motivations, including religious salvation, satisfying feudal obligations, opportunities for renown, and economic or political advantage. Across all social strata in western Europe there was an enthusiastic response. He encouraged military support for Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos and called for an armed pilgrimage to Jerusalem. In 1095, Pope Urban II proclaimed the first expedition at the Council of Clermont. ![]() Crusading declined rapidly after the 15th century. Beginning with the First Crusade, which resulted in the conquest of Jerusalem in 1099, dozens of military campaigns were organised, providing a focal point of European history for centuries. The best known of these military expeditions are those to the Holy Land in the period between 10 that were intended to reconquer Jerusalem and its surrounding area from Muslim rule. The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Christian Latin Church in the medieval period. ![]()
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |